Consuming Kids

Expending Kids The video narrative â€Å"Consuming Kids† features the effect of media and promoting on the wellbeing and prosperity of kids. Promoting has basically changed contrasting from the past with today, as it enters youngsters more than grown-ups. Organizations have chosen to convey their commercials to kids because of their defenseless personalities. The strategies organizations use to connect a kid with their ad is by utilizing celebrated good examples outfitted with their item. This impacts a youngster to get a handle on that item and clearly a similar kid turns into a predictable purchaser in the showcasing world.Not just is commercial plugged on TV yet, additionally on the web and cell phones, making it harder for a parent to disregard its undesirable nearness. Science is engaged with this narrative as researchers utilize the â€Å"blinking experiment† to break down the child’s consideration rate. Researcher have referenced that publicists use round figures all through their business, as it has been discovered that kids are pulled in to this shape; making it harder for them to disregard the motivation behind the promotion. This is just a little commitment of how publicizing has utilized imagery to help its function.Using imagery inside a promotion is smart since it depicts the centrality of the item as well as, depicts the â€Å"positive† way of life given when the item is bought. Age pressure assumes a tremendous job in the advertising plan, as it incites little youngsters to feel more seasoned, making the item increasingly reasonable for the more youthful purchasers. Ads influence a children’s mind adversely, as it can affect their jargon, cause them to lose their focus length and in the end determine them to have ADHD.In this narrative I had the option to perceive and see every single point of view of how notices are manhandling kids. The media asserts that guardians are at last answerable for what their kids w atch, wear, and eat. I accept this isn't correct, in light of the fact that practically a parent can't monitor their youngster from promotions each moment of the day. There is an imaginable possibility that notice can be seen at open areas like schools or childcares, making it harder to repulse your youngster from notices. Starting here, just the legislature can control such advertisements.As a general public we should grasp the contention raised from the media and advance the negative impacts of a kid watching promotions. We should boycott the use of commercials utilized in schools and childcares in this way, kids are not influenced by them. A letter concerning the indispensable data about the narrative ought to be conveyed to each family, so guardians know about this reason. What stunned me the most, was the upsetting image of the young lady who claims she’s attempting to be provocative. This image depicted a youthful female kid with her back highlighting the camera without a shirt.As soon as I perceived that, my perspective on notices hurting kids has changed colossally. There ought to be no purpose behind youngsters to dress improperly in current society. Indeed, I sense that I have been influenced by ads all through my youth. From an extremely youthful age of 6, I was carrying on like the little youngsters appeared in the narrative. Like them, I would likewise focus on brutality and forceful materials, for example, motion pictures and computer games. At that point, it felt ordinary however now perceiving the impact of promotion I am ready to understand that I was affected by media.

Monsanto Issue in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Monsanto Issue in Europe - Essay Example This article will likewise examine the worldwide impacts of the utilization of Monsanto items on people, different life forms, and the earth. It will likewise give us a portion of the safeguards that clients of Monsanto items ought to consider before expending the changed nourishments. The rural altered items in Europe prohibited because of cases of harming people. Because of the unsafe variables related with GMOs, Europe has included its assets in battling against the spread of such assortment in its region. It has just endorsed two assortments of GMOs to exchange their states. Assortments of corn and potato are authorized for exchange (Wesley, Spital, and Lane 2002, p.3). Because of weight from hostile to GMOs, the legislature reestablishes its agreements with the Monsanto Company each year to guarantee that items presented in the market are legitimate. The limitations on exchange of adjusted assortments consequently need to evacuate such limitations for the requirement for farming produce got continue the expanding populaces. To expand the market information about the presence of these nourishments, the Monsanto gathering can utilize new showcasing methodologies, which are bound to be proficient when contrasted with the old techniques for promoting. A portion of the new techniques may include dynamic interest of the buyer and the legislature. The utilization of the social destinations like web pages may help set up a more prominent network with the constituents in the market and consequently increment the trust by the customers. Different techniques may include offering tests to clients and offering award to its customers. Shoppers likewise need to get endorsement from the specialists indicating how proficient the items might be and guaranteeing its locals of secure products. The customer mentality towards this nourishments results to the requirement for the administration to shield its residents from unsafe items that may jeopardize their lives.

Applications of Discrete Mathematics - Free Essay Example

DISCRETE MATHEMATICS Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous. In contrast to real numbers that have the property of varying smoothly, the objects studied in discrete mathematics – such as integers, graphs, and statements in logic – do not vary smoothly in this way, but have distinct, separated values. Discrete mathematics therefore excludes topics in continuous mathematics such as calculus and analysis. Discrete objects can often be enumerated by integers. More formally, discrete mathematics has been characterized as the branch of mathematics dealing with countable sets (sets that have the same cardinality as subsets of the integers, including rational numbers but not real numbers). However, there is no exact, universally agreed, definition of the term discrete mathematics. Indeed, discrete mathematics is described less by what is included than by what is excluded: continuously varying quantities and related notions. The set of objects studied in discrete mathematics can be finite or infinite. The term finite mathematics is sometimes applied to parts of the field of discrete mathematics that deals with finite sets, particularly those areas relevant to business. Research in discrete mathematics increased in the latter half of the twentieth century partly due to the development of digital computers which operate in discrete steps and store data in discrete bits. Concepts and notations from discrete mathematics are useful in studying and describing objects and problems in branches of computer science, such as computer algorithms, programming languages, cryptography, automated theorem proving, and software development. Conversely, computer implementations are significant in applying ideas from discrete mathematics to real-world problems, such as in operations research. Although the main objects of study in discrete mathematics are discrete objects, analytic methods from continuous mathematics are often employed as well. Discrete mathematics is the branch of mathematics dealing with objects that can assume only distinct, separated values. The term discrete mathematics is therefore used in contrast with continuous mathematics, which is the branch of mathematics dealing with objects that can vary smoothly (and which includes, for example, calculus). Whereas discrete objects can often be characterized by integers, continuous objects require real numbers. The study of how discrete objects combine with one another and the probabilities of various outcomes is known as combinatorics. Other fields of mathematics that are considered to be part of discrete mathematics include graph theory and the theory of computation. Topics in discrete mathematics Complexity studies the time taken by algorithms, such as this sorting routine. Theoretical computer science includes areas of discrete mathematics relevant to computing. It draws heavily on graph theory and logic. Included within theoretical computer science is the study of algorithms for computing mathematical results. Computability studies what can be computed in principle, and has close ties to logic, while complexity studies the time taken by computations. Automata theory and formal language theory are closely related to computability. Petri nets and process algebras are used to model computer systems, and methods from discrete mathematics are used in analyzing VLSI electronic circuits. Computational geometry applies algorithms to geometrical problems, while computer image analysis applies them to representations of images. Theoretical computer science also includes the study of continuous computational topics such as analog computation, continuous computability such as computable analysis, continuous complexity such as information-based complexity, and continuous systems and models of computation such as analog VLSI, analog automata, differential petri nets, real time process algebra. Information theory The ASCII codes for the word Wikipedia, given here in binary, provide a way of representing the word in information theory, as well as for information-processing algorithms. Information theory involves the quantification of information. Closely related is coding theory which is used to design efficient and reliable data transmission and storage methods. Information theory also includes continuous topics such as: analog signals, analog coding, analog encryption. Logic Logic is the study of the principles of valid reasoning and inference, as well as of consistency, soundness, and completeness. For example, in most systems of logic (but not in intuitionistic logic) Peirces law (((PQ)P)P) is a theorem. For classical logic, it can be easily verified with a truth table. The study of mathematical proof is particularly important in logic, and has applications to automated theorem proving and formal verification of software. Logical formulas are discrete structures, as are proofs, which form finite trees[8] or, more generally, directed acyclic graph structures[9][10] (with each inference step combining one or more premise branches to give a single conclusion). The truth values of logical formulas usually form a finite set, generally restricted to two values: true and false, but logic can also be continuous-valued, e. g. , fuzzy logic. Concepts such as infinite proof trees or infinite derivation trees have also been studied,[11] e. g. infinitary logic. Set theory Set theory is the branch of mathematics that studies sets, which are collections of objects, such as {blue, white, red} or the (infinite) set of all prime numbers. Partially ordered sets and sets with other relations have applications in several areas. In discrete mathematics, countable sets (including finite sets) are the main focus. The beginning of set theory as a branch of mathematics is usually marked by Georg Cantors work distinguishing between different kinds of infinite set, motivated by the study of trigonometric series, and further development of the theory of infinite sets is outside the scope of discrete mathematics. Indeed, contemporary work in descriptive set theory makes extensive use of traditional continuous mathematics. Combinatorics Combinatorics studies the way in which discrete structures can be combined or arranged. Enumerative combinatorics concentrates on counting the number of certain combinatorial objects e. g. the twelvefold way provides a unified framework for counting permutations, combinations and partitions. Analytic combinatorics concerns the enumeration of combinatorial structures using tools from complex analysis and probability theory. In contrast with enumerative combinatorics which uses explicit combinatorial formulae and generating functions to describe the results, analytic combinatorics aims at obtaining asymptotic formulae. Design theory is a study of combinatorial designs, which are collections of subsets with certain intersection properties. Partition theory studies various enumeration and asymptotic problems related to integer partitions, and is closely related to q-series, special functions and orthogonal polynomials. Originally a part of number theory and analysis, partition theory is now considered a part of combinatorics or an independent field. Order theory is the study of partially ordered sets, both finite and infinite. Graph theory Graph theory has close links to group theory. This truncated tetrahedron graph is related to the alternating group A4. Graph theory, the study of graphs and networks, is often considered part of combinatorics, but has grown large enough and distinct enough, with its own kind of problems, to be regarded as a subject in its own right. [12] Algebraic graph theory has close links with group theory. Graph theory has widespread applications in all areas of mathematics and science. There are even continuous graphs. Probability Discrete probability theory deals with events that occur in countable sample spaces. For example, count observations such as the numbers of birds in flocks comprise only natural number values {0, 1, 2, . On the other hand, continuous observations such as the weights of birds comprise real number values and would typically be modeled by a continuous probability distribution such as the normal. Discrete probability distributions can be used to approximate continuous ones and vice versa. For highly constrained situations such as throwing dice or experiments with decks of cards, calculat ing the probability of events is basically enumerative combinatorics. Number theory The Ulam spiral of numbers, with black pixels showing prime numbers. This diagram hints at patterns in the distribution of prime numbers. Main article: Number theory Number theory is concerned with the properties of numbers in general, particularly integers. It has applications to cryptography, cryptanalysis, and cryptology, particularly with regard to prime numbers and primality testing. Other discrete aspects of number theory include geometry of numbers. In analytic number theory, techniques from continuous mathematics are also used. Topics that go beyond discrete objects include transcendental numbers, diophantine approximation, p-adic analysis and function fields. Algebra Algebraic structures occur as both discrete examples and continuous examples. Discrete algebras include: boolean algebra used in logic gates and programming; relational algebra used in databases; discrete and finite versions of groups, rings and fields are important in algebraic coding theory; discrete semigroups and monoids appear in the theory of formal languages. Calculus of finite differences, discrete calculus or discrete analysis A function defined on an interval of the integers is usually called a sequence. A sequence could be a finite sequence from some data source or an infinite sequence from a discrete dynamical system. Such a discrete function could be defined explicitly by a list (if its domain is finite), or by a formula for its general term, or it could be given implicitly by a recurrence relation or difference equation. Difference equations are similar to a differential equations, but replace differentiation by taking the difference between adjacent terms; they can be used to approximate differential equations or (more often) studied in their own right. Many questions and methods concerning differential equations have counterparts for difference equations. For instance where there are integral transforms in harmonic analysis for studying continuous functions or analog signals, there are discrete transforms for discrete functions or digital signals. As well as the discrete metric there are more general discrete or finite metric spaces and finite topological spaces. Geometry Computational geometry applies computer algorithms to representations of geometrical objects. Main articles: discrete geometry and computational geometry Discrete geometry and combinatorial geometry are about combinatorial properties of discrete collections of geometrical objects. A long-standing topic in discrete geometry is tiling of the plane. Computational geometry applies algorithms to geometrical problems. Topology Although topology is the field of mathematics that formalizes and generalizes the intuitive notion of continuous deformation of objects, it gives rise to many discrete topics; this can be attributed in part to the focus on topological invariants, which themselves usually take discrete values. See combinatorial topology, topological graph theory, topological combinatorics, computational topology, discrete topological space, finite topological space. Operations research Operations research provides techniques for solving practical problems in business and other fields — problems such as allocating resources to maximize profit, or scheduling project activities to minimize risk. Operations research techniques include linear programming and other areas of optimization, queuing theory, scheduling theory, network theory. Operations research also includes continuous topics such as continuous-time Markov process, continuous-time martingales, process optimization, and continuous and hybrid control theory. Game theory, decision theory, utility theory, social choice theory | Cooperate| Defect| Cooperate| -1, -1| -10, 0| Defect| 0, -10| -5, -5| Payoff matrix for the Prisoners dilemma, a common example in game theory. One player chooses a row, the other a column; the resulting pair gives their payoffs| Decision theory is concerned with identifying the values, uncertainties and other issues relevant in a given decision, its rationality, and the resulting optimal decision. Utility theory is about measures of the relative economic satisfaction from, or desirability of, consumption of various goods and services. Social choice theory is about voting. A more puzzle-based approach to voting is ballot theory. Game theory deals with situations where success depends on the choices of others, which makes choosing the best course of action more complex. There are even continuous games, see differential game. Topics include auction theory and fair division. Discretization Discretization concerns the process of transferring continuous models and quations into discrete counterparts, often for the purposes of making calculations easier by using approximations. Numerical analysis provides an important example. Discrete analogues of continuous mathematics There are many concepts in continuous mathematics which have discrete versions, such as discrete calculus, discrete probability distributions, discrete Fourier transforms, discrete geometry, discrete logarithms, disc rete differential geometry, discrete exterior calculus, discrete Morse theory, difference equations, and discrete dynamical systems. In applied mathematics, discrete modelling is the discrete analogue of continuous modelling. In discrete modelling, discrete formulae are fit to data. A common method in this form of modelling is to use recurrence relations. Hybrid discrete and continuous mathematics The time scale calculus is a unification of the theory of difference equations with that of differential equations, which has applications to fields requiring simultaneous modelling of discrete and continuous data.

China, Japan, and the U.S. in the 20th Century - 1491 Words

China, Japan, and the U.S. in the 20th Century During the later half of the 20th century, China and Japan underwent both economic and non-economic reforms that were aided by the influence of the United States. In China, the death of Mao led to the rise of the dark horse candidate Hua Guo Fang, a transitional figure who denounced the Gang of Four. Though only in power for a few years, his last act was to revive Deng Xiaoping’s political office, a man that would do more for China in the next 20 years than the last century combined. In Japan, the loss of the war to the Allies has resulted in the occupation of Japan by U.S. soldier. The post World War II occupation greatly affected the economic and political structure of later Showa Japan.†¦show more content†¦This caused a shift towards a fast growing consumer society. Slowly the Chinese began to be able to buy more consumer goods due to their increased revenue. However, the dawn of the 80’s made Deng question the growth of China. A fear for two much freedom a nd inflation made Deng re-polarize and backtrack, slowly limiting spending. This form of rising expectations met by failed expectations from the young and growing consumer market ultimately led to the fatal incident of 1989. The change and freedom in laws gave the younger generation a feeling of empowerment and euphoria. High expectations grew out of this booming mixed economy. However, signs of corruption and inequality led for friction in the ranks of Chinese society. A call for increased standards of living for educated citizens caused uproar countrywide. Their protest that came to a bloody end is what we know as the Tianan Men Square Massacres. The Allied occupation ended on April 28, 1952, when the terms of the Treaty of San Francisco went into effect. By the terms of the treaty, Japan regained its sovereignty, but lost many of its possessions from before World War II, including Korea and Taiwan. 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Corporate Sustainability Reporting

Question: Describe about the Sustainability reporting. Explainthe impact of non-budgetary execution of an organization and how it impacts the mentality of basic individuals. Answer: Abstract We are presently witnessing a lot of business competition among the global business establishments of the world. Business establishments are leaving no stones unturned in order to stay ahead of their business competitors in the market. The business establishments are trying to incorporate every possible strategy in order to ensure a competitive advantage over their market rivals. In this constant urge to stay ahead of the market competitors, there has been an increasing propensity among the global business enterprises to resort to unfair and unethical business practices which helps the business establishments to maximize their profits and revenues from their business operations in the market. Thus in order to keep a strict check on the business activities of the different organizations and to ensure that they conduct their business operations in a socially responsible manner, sustainability reporting is so essential. It provides us with accurate information regarding the business fun ctionalities of an organisation in the market and how the business establishment is contributing towards the overall growth and development of the society. In this assignment we have taken the example of two of the most reputed and well known banks of Australia (Westpac Bank and Commonwealth Bank) and analysed how both these banking institutions are ensuring sustainability reporting within their business hierarchy. Furthermore, an elaborate comparison of the sustainability reporting which are being practiced in both these banks has been undertaken in order to understand how these two financial institutes are operating their business in a socially responsible and ethical manner. This assignment also discusses the various systems theory such as the Legitimacy theory, Institutional theory and the Stakeholder theory which has played a vital role in helping us to understand the various aspects of sustainability reporting in an effective manner. Introduction The world has undergone globalisation and in light of this change consumers have become highly self conscious about their taste and preferences. The consumers are well aware of the market conditions and other relevant issues which make them quite a hard nut to crack in terms of convincing a consumer to purchase something. Over the years there has been drastic change in the market as well as in the corporate mechanism which has set a benchmark for the corporate world. With the growing conscience of consumers about a few key aspects of the society companies started focusing on emphasising on these aspects. One of the key aspects that stand to be important in the present moment is Environment. The environmental consciousness of common people has rapidly increased in the recent past and it is highly conspicuous. With time passing by rapidly the markets have become highly competitive and it has become tough for the companies to grab substantial market share. In order to construct strong p latform for a sustainable future companies needed design and implement a certain tool that would be conducive for long term sustainability (Bebchuk et al., 2009). Corporate Sustainability Reporting is that certain tool that has become a contemporary corporate weapon for a lot of companies in order to turn the wave towards them. The Corporate Sustainability Reporting is a tool that helps companies to effectively communicate with the consumers since this report provides information about the movement of a particular company towards safeguarding the environment and reporting about the potential steps taken for the economic, social and environmental welfare of the society. The main focus of the framing corporate sustainability report is to be transparent and committed towards the client base. In the contemporary business environment Corporate Sustainability Reporting could be defined as the consolidated collection of information that involves reporting of performance benchmarks from the point of view of the social, economic and environmental sphere for a particular community. In the recent decade or so most of the bigger organisations have got hig hly inclined towards framing effective Corporate Sustainability Reporting that has enabled them to be more transparent and allowed them to face risks and opportunities in a much more effectual manner (Baumgartner Ebner, 2010). The concept of Corporate Sustainability Reporting is multi faceted and hence it becomes extremely important comprehend the purpose of Corporate Sustainability Reporting the role of Global Reporting Initiative Framework in making this kind of report and its impact on companies. Task 1: Corporate Sustainability Reporting In a world of competition where every inch of space is subjected to sheer corporate battle Corporate Sustainability Reporting acts as a deciding factor. Sustainability report is a tool that helps many companies to exhibit their rigorous attempts to be friendly with the environment and contribute to the social and economical welfare of a place and in return they expect to get proper support from the consumers who stand to be the only motivation of these companies. In the recent past the tool of sustainability reporting has been played a significant role in placing different companies in drivers position in a market which is apparently competitive. The sustainability report published by a company exhibits the different attempts and efforts made to positively contribute to the social, economical and environmental domain through their daily activities (Aras Crowther, 2009). This concept of sustainability reporting has grown to be a very convenient and popular device all over the world which has helped a lot of organisations to display their motives to safeguard the environmental, social and economic interest of that organisation through recording of their daily activities. This in return has helped the consumers to distinguish between organisations and get clear and transparent view about their work and activities as well as their corporate social responsibilities towards mankind. The role of Sustainability reporting rose to prominence as some of the bigger companies in the world used this tool. The sustainability report also presents a clear view of the organisations values and corporate governance which would help the common people to understand asses a company accordingly and demonstrates a clear connection between the strategies and its commitment towards a sustainable economy. With the gradual increase in consumer interest about environment sustain ability reporting of a company helps the company to develop a strong hold over its activities which affects the environment positively (Linnenluecke, M. K., Griffiths, 2010). The corporate supportability report ought to be arranged and planned in a manner that the partners including the clients and the overall population get to be mindful of the undertakings of the organization and that the report lives up to their desires. The substance of the report ought to be adjusted to the general business methodology, mission, vision, points, objectives and targets of the business association. All in all the pith of the report ought to be focused at the requirements and desires of the more extensive gathering of shareholders and partners alike. The procedure of supportability reporting is surely extremely unpredictable and incorporates a wide range of corporate, financial, social and environmental activities that have been embraced by the organization to fulfill the necessities, prerequisites and requests of the shareholders and in addition the different concerned partners. Against the backdrop of the consent to report different parts of corporate business maintain ability discoveries the organization must have the capacity to agree to the different reporting norms, the conventions and the benchmarks of such a report (Garriga and Mel, 2004). Notwithstanding these the report ought to be such that it has the capacity to give all the significant and the appropriate information in regards to the different parts of the organization activities in the supportability area by entirely holding fast to guidelines, principles and controls connected with such sorts of reporting in the business space. The GRI rules give extra system to composing such reports as they are considered fit for this sort of business composing. The GRI rules give a more extensive structure to such reporting that can be utilized by all organizations acting as a part of different areas of Australia. The estimation of an organization's corporate maintainability report lies in its capacity to make an accurate representation of the facts in regards to both its execution and underperfor mance in different parts of the business including ranges of monetary, social and environmental insurance viewpoints (Bosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Brouwers, 2010). Care must be taken that the perspective gave in the report is all encompassing and adjusted without inclining to one particular territory of execution like benefits and diverging from ranges in which the organization's execution has not been up to the imprint. The report ought to be as straightforward as would be prudent and should likewise incorporate negative partner feedback where such feedback has been given by the organization. The utility and the pertinence of the corporate maintainability report furthermore its believability relies on upon the way the information and the information is being exhibited to general society. In addition the information ought to be overall target and as unprejudiced as could reasonably be expected so that mistaken suspicions are not made on the premise of a one-sided report (Lee Faff, 2009). Nature of the report is of outright significance if the organization is to persuade its partners that it is submitted and skillful to deal with the social, mo netary and environmental parts of the business in a successful way. Obviously that supportability reporting ought to be adjusted to monetary reporting so that legitimate implicit rules in the accounting norms could be kept up and the organization is free from the possibility of winning unsavoriness from outrages of fumbled assets furthermore corporate cheats. A portion of the specialists are of the perspective that corporate money related reporting principles are of meticulousness in the matters of information gathering and accuracy and much similarly such ought to be the situation of corporate manageability reporting. As the premium level of examiners in the space of interest in the territory of corporate maintainability reporting has expanded the same level of accuracy and meticulousness of money related reporting principles should be connected to some measurements and zones of CSR reporting (Montiel, 2008). Sustainability reporting is also termed as non-financial reporting; Triple Bottom-line Reporting, Corporate Sustainability Reporting et cetera. Building and maintaining trust in business is extremely important and every company needs to do that in order to have proper support from its loyal consumer base and nowadays the best possible way to do that is to develop a proper sustainability report that takes into account the different steps taken by a company to ensure sustainability in the field of social, economic and environmental development. Companies from all across the world have taken up Sustainability Reporting and similarly bigger companies from Australia also have ensured that they take up sustainability reporting in order to make sure that their market position is intact. It is important to mention that the key purpose of Sustainability reporting is to build trust in the minds of the common people which would help a company to effectively interact with them and understand the ir feelings about certain important things. Since a business is built up of different stakeholders and their role becomes extremely essential for the growth and development of a business it is extremely important that the wants and needs of the stakeholders are properly addressed which is highly facilitated by the framing of sustainability report (Hahn et al., 2010). Thousands of companies across all sectors have taken up Sustainability reporting based on certain universal reporting guidelines which are: Global Reporting Initiative framework The Organisation for Economic and Co-operation and Development (OECD) The United Nations Global Compact The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO 26000, International Standard for Social Responsibility) Out of these guidelines the most followed framework is Global Reporting Initiative or GRI Framework. In the late 90s when a lot of multinational companies were thinking about fixing the key problem of their commitments towards the stakeholders in terms of social, economic and environmental duties it was very tough come up with solutions as there were no such guidelines or processes similar to displaying the financial performance of a company. In this situation a coalition of CERES (Coalition for the Environmentally Responsible Economies) and UNEP (United Nation Environment Program) came up with an idea of launching newly formed frameworks which would help these companies to measure their non-financial performance and also exhibit the same to the consumers and Global Reporting Initiative came into existence. This framework made sustainability reporting mandatory and common for companies like financial reporting. The GRI framework helps the companies to approach their non financial sus tainability reporting in a very systematic way (Bosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Brouwers, 2010). The GRI is focused on making it easier but much more conventional for the companies to approach their sustainability reporting which would help them to be more clear and transparent towards its target audience. The GRI focuses on helping a company to: Understand the economic, social and environmental impacts of their activities Helps the companies to enter into conversation with its stakeholders about their possible impacts Define indicators to reflect on its social, economic and environmental contributions And finally monitor the steps taken to fulfill the objectives The GRI framework has been effective for many companies all across the world due to its simple process and clear focus. The major steps taken to fulfill the reporting under GRI guidelines involve: Prepare: In this phase the upper level management is approached in order to identify the most obvious positive and negative social, economic and environmental impact from the organisational activities. Connect: This is an essential part as it involves approaching stakeholders and seeking their inputs about what are the key aspects that should be added in the final report. It depends on the assessment of the different aspects by the company and how they felt about them (Schaltegger et al., 2012). Define: The inputs provided by the stakeholders will ensure that the identified aspects in the first step are the key aspect or not. This helps in clearing the sole focus of the report. Monitor: This is the stage where all the different information is gathered. The various GRI indicators are available to help companies to monitor the information gathered. The induction of GRI indicators helps in gathering highly refined information that helps in effectual reporting. Reporting: Finally the data gathered from the above steps are very prudently put into the report and then published for the common people to see it. It also takes into account the best possible way to communicate the result of the report to the stakeholders. Overall it could be said that the main purpose of sustainability reporting is to build up trust with the stakeholders through clear and distinct communication with the help of GRI guidelines that helps companies to report key social, economic and environmental aspects to good effect (Milne Gray, 2013). Task 2: Comparison of Sustainability Reporting Comparison of sustainability reporting could be done when two companies are assessed effectively. For the present study tow companies taken are Commonwealth Bank Australia and Westpac Banking Corporation Australia. Commonwealth Bank Australia The Commonwealth Bank Australia is one of the leading financial institutions that have its operations in many countries like New Zealand, Europe, USA, Asia-Pacific regions. The company has huge goodwill in the market and provides different banking services like retail banking, premium banking, business banking, institutional banking, asset management et cetera. The company has focused on framing and maintaining corporate social responsibility objectives which helps the company to keep its interaction with the consumers significantly effective. The company focuses on addressing certain issues related to economic, social and environmental domain and wants to maintain and its non financial performance consistently as well (Aras Crowther, 2008). The company focuses on effective corporate governance which helps the company to address all the needs and demands of its stakeholders. The company strives to provide effective responsible financial service by addressing issues like bribery, cor ruption, speaking up against financial frauds et cetera. Setting targets for its employees to visibly assess their performance helps the company to provide increments and other rewards, the company focuses on hiring talented personnel, ethical business practice like providing equality at the workplace, paying taxes to the government, fulfilling their duties of environmental stewardship, empowering backward classes, investing in literacy programs, supporting arts sports and health in Australia have been their core focus which is given in the annual report of 2014 (Lee Faff, 2009). In late 2009, the Group declared a pledge to enhance the money related literacy of one million youngsters by 2015. We achieved this objective in August 2014, 5 months sooner than arranged. In the course of the most recent 12 months we've lessened our joined residential Scope 1 and 2 carbon emanations by 12,385 tCo2-e. Our yearly People and Culture study measures the levels of engagement amongst our kin. The bits of knowledge we accumulate from the study reactions illuminate choices and actions that assemble individual, group and business achievement. Republic Bank is currently the most noteworthy positioning Australian bank recorded on CDP's worldwide list and achieved a general divulgence score of 94/100. In the course of the most recent five years our introduction to the renewable vitality division has expanded altogether, and at a much speedier rate than our presentation to coal-based vitality (Milne Gray, 2013). Westpac Banking Corporation Westpac is a renowned name in the Australian financial service market. The company has substantial market share in Australian and New Zealand market which makes it another big name in the banking industry. Westpac has consistently contributed to the economic, social and environmental sphere in Australia. Providing more placements to women, investing 100 educational scholarships in 2014, reduction in the usage of paper and building the business in a clean-tech environmental friendly business have been some of the biggest feats for the company. The company has been able to communicate with its stakeholders both internal and external and has contributed largely to the reduction of carbon emission in the environment and has also emphasised on green banking. Overall it could be said that Westpacs sustainability agenda have been effective (Simnett et al., 2009). The primary manageability standards took after by the bank as a component of its supportability drive includes the cooperation of every one of its partners in the part of the key basic leadership plan furthermore taking care of the requirements and requests of the dedicated clients in a manner that base danger is included similarly as the prosperity of the general public and the assurance of environment is concerned. To get supportability going in the material world the bank embraces different activities like digitisation of the keeping money administrations which are done in a manner that the clients are the genuine recipient and the saving money items and capacities can react to a colossal scope of demographic changes that impact the way the managing an account operations are completed to meet the destinations of the shareholders (Aras Crowther, 2008). Comparison Both the companies Westpac and Commonwealth Bank have been very effective with their corporate social responsibility. Both these companies have performed well even non-financially towards the communities in Australia and the other countries they work in. It has to be mentioned that Commonwealth Bank sustainability reporting is done in a much more systematic manner. The approach is classical and conforms to the GRI frameworks. The Australian Stock Exchange has officially nodded to the material issues of the corporate governance principles which are not found in the reporting of Westpac. IT can also be said that Westpacs sustainability reporting could be made more synchronised. Though Westpac follows the GRI framework but information provided in the report is not up to the mark as compared to Commonwealths Sustainable reporting. It is also important to mention that the Commonwealth Bank focuses on sustainable business practice but Westpac doesnt mention anything like that in its report . Overall it could be said that both the companies are top level companies and hence need to work on their sustainable reporting paradigm (Bebbington et al., 2014). Task-3 Overseeing legitimacy through reporting is absolutely imperative for any business as it helps the business entities to direct their business operations in a socially accountable and moral manner. CSR information divulgences assume an imperative part in helping the stakeholders of an organisation to see how much effectively the business associations are participating in social exercises and how has it helped in changing the society as a whole. During the last ten years business establishments have increased the measure of information which is being disclosed to their shareholders in their yearly financial statements. This late pattern is basically ascribed to the increasing governmental pressures in order to guarantee that business associations are undertaking their business in an ethical and morally responsible way and are and are contributing pro-actively towards the development and advancement of the wider society. There are additionally different speculations which have been broug ht forth by specialists in this field which grasps the expanded social and natural liabilities of the business foundations (Baumgartner Ebner, 2010). The fundamental hypothesis connected with legitimacy is the general thought that for guaranteeing and ensuring the smooth coherence of their business operations in the market, business establishments must act in such a way so that they can always remain inside the boundary of what is considered to be a socially accepted behaviour by the general population. The business associations need to assume a dynamic role in the general development and improvement of the region in which they are operating their business as this would eventually help them to realise their business goals and objectives in the market. By undertaking effective measures to contribute towards the growth and development of the society the business establishments would really project a positive vibe to their customers in the market and this would help them in earning the trust and faith of their customers in the market. This would also help them in enhancing their brand image and reputation in the market (Farber, 2005) . In case it is found that an organisation is continuing their business in a socially unacceptable manner solely for the purpose of increasing their revenues and profits from their business operations then its mere existence in the market would be threatened in the first place. Business establishments which are operating in an unethical and socially irresponsible manner would be forced to shut down their business operations in the market sooner or later. Believers of this hypothesis generally have the same perception that the business establishments are attempting to gather the trust and confidence of their clients in the business sector by voluntarily providing them with all the necessary information with respect to their social activities in their yearly business reports (Simnett et al. 2009). They are attempting to legitimize their business operations in the business sector and stay in the safe side of the public administration and the law enforcement authorities. It has also bee n discovered that the penchant to uncover information in regards to social and environmental activities are expanded if an organization has been included in any sort of negative environmental activities which has been brought to light by the digital or print media. This helps the business foundations in shielding or advocating the business activities which have been undertaken by them over the span of their business operations in the market (Klapper Love, 2004). The Legitimacy of the business reporting is essentially carried out by utilising three different system oriented theories, which are - Legitimacy theory, Stakeholder theory and Institutional theory. These theories enable the business enterprises to ensure an effective reporting on their part which plays a vital role in improving the overall reputation of the business enterprises in the market. The Legitimacy theory has already been discussed previously. Now we need to understand the Stakeholder Theory and the Institutional Theory (Montiel, 2008). The Stakeholder theory is essentially a theory of organisational management that deals with the organisational morals and values which are been incorporated into practice while managing the daily business activities of an organisation in the market. Stakeholders are the people who are directly or indirectly getting affected by the business activities of an organisation in the market. Stakeholder of an organisation generally includes theiremployees, suppliers, trade unions, investors, governmental bodies,political groups and charitable trusts. The stakeholders play a vital role in determining the overall success and growth of a business in the market and thus it is absolutely essential for the business establishments to satisfy the interests of their stakeholders in the market. The stakeholder theory plays a vital role in helping the business establishments in identifying the needs and expectations of their stakeholders in the market and thus it helps the business establishments to co nsider the interests of their stakeholders at the time of business decision making (Baumgartner Ebner, 2010). On the other hand, the Institutional Theory is a widely accepted school of thought which essentially deals with the legitimacy, isomorphism and rational myths which are widely prevalent in the business structure of an organisation. It plays a vital role in helping the business establishments to analyse the deeper and more resilient aspects of the social structure under which an organisation is operating their business in the market. Thus, it helps and organisation to understand their wider role in the society and how they can contribute effectively towards the overall growth and development of the society (Farber, 2005). Both the Westpac Bank and the Commonwealth Bank have strived to develop an effective reporting on their part which has helped them to create a strong viewpoint of their business operations in the market. If we consider the application of the Legitimacy theory in case of Westpac Bank and Commonwealth Bank then we can clearly say that both the organizations have been utilising the theory in an effective manner and operating within the socially acceptable norms of business. The legitimacy theory has played a vital role in defining the roles and responsibilities of both Westpac Bank and Commonwealth Bank during the course of their business operations in the market. This has enabled both the organizations to ensure an accurate and transparent information disclosure regarding their social responsibilities towards the general population which has helped them to identify and realise their liability towards the society (Bebchuk et al. 2009). It is important to mention over here that both the banks have continuously strived to disclose their business information in a detailed manner to the general population. Both the companies are functioning in the market in such a manner which satisfies and goes with the expectations of the Australian public. Whenever an organisations activity reflects that it does not complies with the social and moral values of the society, it becomes quite evident that sooner or later the society will oppose the functioning of that organisation in the market. Both the Commonwealth Bank and Westpac Bank must ensure that they participate in those activities which help them to engage with their customers in an effective manner. This will help them in creating a strong bond with the general public and they will be able to earn the trust and faith of their customers in the market. Both the organisations have adopted Green Banking which has helped them to reduce their dependence on paper and helped them to ensure paperless transaction with their customer s. Thus, both the banks have been able to contribute significantly towards environmental conservation and environmental awareness by decreasing the paper consumption among their customers. This has helped Commonwealth Bank and Westpac Bank to create a positive impression on their stakeholders in the market. Again, the stakeholder hypothesis has enabled the both the banks to analyse the relationship which exists with their stakeholders in the market. The stakeholder theory has helped both the Commonwealth Bank and the Westpac Bank to ensure a powerful association with their internal and external stakeholders. From the points of view of the partners they will be satisfied if their requirements and needs are satisfied. The partner hypothesis for the most part demonstrates that each organization needs to deal with their partner's advantage (Simnett et al. 2009). In this situation both these organizations deal with their legitimacy by revealing distinctive corporate information. Both Westpac and Commonwealth bank needs to apply diverse developments that have a decent develop with the partners. At long last the Institutional hypothesis says that the institutional environment impacts the formal structure of a business. This aides in creating inventive thoughts of both the organizations Commonwealth and Westpac Bank and it could be said that early embracing associations are legitimized in such situation. It is likewise said that appropriation of such advancements reach a level of legitimisation where neglecting to accomplish these levels would appear to be nonsensical (Montiel, 2008). Conclusion The present study highlights the diverse parts of Sustainability reporting. It talks about the impact of non-budgetary execution of an organization and how it impacts the mentality of basic individuals. The study has demystified the distinctive perspectives identified with feasible reporting and underscored on GRI system later practically applying on two diverse organizations as cases that finished the concentrate adequately (Bebchuk et al. 2009). References Aras, G., Crowther, D. (2008). Governance and sustainability: An investigation into the relationship between corporate governance and corporate sustainability.Management Decision,46(3), 433-448. Aras, G., Crowther, D. 2009. Corporate sustainability reporting: a study in disingenuity?.Journal of business ethics,87(1), 279-288. Baumgartner, R. J., Ebner, D. 2010. Corporate sustainability strategies: sustainability profiles and maturity levels.Sustainable Development,18(2), 76-89. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B., 2014.Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Bebchuk, L., Cohen, A., Ferrell, A. 2009. What matters in corporate governance?.Review of Financial studies,22(2), 783-827. Bosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Brouwers, H. E. J. 2010. Corporate sustainability and innovation in SMEs: evidence of themes and activities in practice.Business Strategy and the Environment,19(7), 417-435. Hahn, T., Figge, F., Pinkse, J., Preuss, L. 2010. Tradeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ offs in corporate sustainability: you can't have your cake and eat it.Business Strategy and the Environment,19(4), 217-229. Lee, D. D., Faff, R. W. 2009. Corporate sustainability performance and idiosyncratic risk: A global perspective.Financial Review,44(2), 213-237. Linnenluecke, M. K., Griffiths, A. 2010. Corporate sustainability and organizational culture.Journal of world business,45(4), 357-366. Milne, M. J., Gray, R. 2013. W (h) ither ecology? The triple bottom line, the global reporting initiative, and corporate sustainability reporting.Journal of business ethics,118(1), 13-29. Schaltegger, S., Ldeke-Freund, F., Hansen, E. G. 2012. Business cases for sustainability: the role of business model innovation for corporate sustainability.International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development,6(2), 95-119. Simnett, R., Vanstraelen, A. and Chua, W.F., 2009. Assurance on sustainability reports: An international comparison.The accounting review,84(3), pp.937-967.

Microecconomic Concepts in the Garnett Company

An organization is referred to as a collective entity of people, methodically controlled and administered to congregate a want or to follow combined objective on an ongoing basis. All organizations do have a basis of management that give each of the participant a role in the running of the affairs in order to hit the set objectives (Robert, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Microecconomic Concepts in the Garnett Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other words an organization can also be termed as a group of persons working together to meet some set goals. They work within a time limit which they set depending on what they want to achieve. However an organization does not necessarily have to be a legal entity. Before getting started the members must lay down their plan of what they have in mind and then come up with ways of hitting their target (Tribe, 2005). Although an organization is made up of peo ple with varied opinions and ideologies, they must first put away all their differences and work as one body if they are to reap fruits out of their work. In this regard each member should not feel superior to the other as this would hamper oneness in the organization. An organization also calls for openness and in this case nothing related to the organization should be done without alerting any of the members (Ison, 2007). If anything is done behind scene that indicates that the organization is not open to some of its members. Garnet is a UK based company that deals with manufacturing of papers which it sells locally and exports the surplus. Through the exports it becomes one of the major sources of revenue for the government of UK. It also houses many workers ranging from those working with the machines to the financial officers of the company. Garnett Company has been able to produce varied looks of the product that is not only attractive to customers but also friendly to the env ironment (Robert, 2006). It has been in existence producing high quality papers as from two hundred years. The company all along has been in a position to come up with different kinds of paper products which include; files, donation wraps, folders as well as present bags. The highest number of the company’s products is prepared from fibers that have been recycled. It is through its proper management that the company has made it to be a dynamic sector serving the whole region as well as making it to possible to bring in ways of meeting their customers demands.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the recent past the company has opened operational sites in different nations in the world and this has made it remain competitive and unbeatable (Friedman, 2009). Its success can be attributed to its committed workers and its workers are not only UK nationals but also from vari ed nations in the world. This has also made it possible for the company to market its product in many nations making it realize huge revenue hence able to undertake its operations. Market structure elaborates the condition of the market as well as the level of antagonism between the consumers and the producers. There are also various markets structures that are major and they include; monopolistic competition, monopoly as well as oligopoly kind of competition. Garnett Company falls under the monopolistic kind of competition (Friedman, 2009). This is due to the reason that it experiences stiff completion from such similar companies in UK that produce similar kind of product. Some of the industries that produce papers in the region include; Cotek papers, Clegg Papers Limited, Institute of Paper, Printing and Publishing as well as James Cropper. These industries have posed much competition to Garnett since they produce the same kind of products which serve the same purpose to the natio n though some have a slight change in their produce making it hard for the company to sell its produce. For instance, some companies like Aylesford Newsprint produce the best quality kind of papers which can be recycled hence [posing a stiff completion to Garnett industry as people regard the product from Aylesford Newsprint as more of good quality as well as due to the fact that the materials can be recycled (Brittion, 2006). Despite the fact that the company produces similar products they express their differences by the manner in which they finally present their product to their consumers. For example an industry may opt to make paper products of varied colors as well as with different textures. The companies have lowered the demand of the papers made by Garnett industry. Despite the fact that there is competition in the paper products produced in UK the nation have experienced great advantage as the costs of the products have gone down as well this have led to the companies maki ng products which are of higher quality. Due to this reason, the company has introduced external markets to the outside nation since in the outer region the level of demand of its products is higher. The management of any given kind of a trade is expected to ensure that the field yields maximum profit so as to meet the set goals of the field. This therefore calls for the supervisors to come up with ways of ensuring that all the means of production are utilized so as to bring in significant results at the end. The management also ought to have the skills that are helpful to the firm by ensuring that the financial income is equivalent to zero for the firm to be considered to be making profit (Friedman, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Microecconomic Concepts in the Garnett Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Business environment refers to either internal or external factors that affect the day to day op erations of a firm. The internal business environmental is factors that the business is in a position to control on its own. Some of these internal factors affecting Garnett Company in UK include workers as well the sources of the raw materials that the company use in making its products. The external business environment refers to the aspects that indirectly affect the business operations but the business has no control of. Some of the examples of external factors compose of the government, suppliers, competitors’ consumers, as well as the technological factors. Garnett Company has made it to control its worker hence making it to meet its targets. The company is locally as well as internationally based thus the management works in taking a close supervision of its workers thus enabling the organization to make profits despite the high level of competition in the region. This is one of the reasons why the company has made it to compete with other companies that produce better as well as products of higher quality. In addition to this, Garnett Company has also made it to completely utilize the technological factors that are available in UK hence efficiency resulting to high quality products thereby creating high demands for its goods which make the company to take the largest share of the available market. This is one of the reasons why Garnett Company is able to market its paper products throughout the region as well as internationally that are outside UK. Another environmental factor affecting business operation in Garnett Company is the government. The company has faced much stress coping with the taxation since this one of drawbacks in the operations by the company. The level of taxation has made the company to go down in its activities as the money utilized meeting the government quest. Though the company has so far excelled in marketing its products the government has interfered in its operations thus, causing more problems to the company’s selling rate of its paper products. Garnett Company has also been able to utilize another external environmental factor that is the consumers (Brittion, 2006). It has been able to achieve this by providing high discounts on its products to its potential consumers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This has resulted to it attracting more consumers hence making it to fit in the selling field despite the fact that it is full of competitors. From the huge profits the company gets has also enabled it to offer after sales services for example, transport of goods on behalf of the consumers hence attracting more consumers. In conclusion, the government ought to take control of all the factors that interfere with the business operations in a given region. This would work to improve the organizations activities hence smooth running of such businesses like Garnett Company. References Brittion, W, 2006, Business Environment, Financial Times, Prentice Hall. Friedman, D, 2009, Principles of Microeconomics, The Age Melbourne. Ison, Wall, 2007, Economics, Talbot Adair Press, Guildford, UK. Tribe, J, 2005, Economics of Recreation, Leisure and Tourism, Free Press, New York. Robert, A, 2006, Microeconomics and Behavior. McGraw-Hill, University Press. 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Aztec Origins and the Founding of Tenochtitlan

Aztec Origins and the Founding of Tenochtitlan The origins of the Aztec Empire are part legend, part archaeological and historical fact. When the Spanish conquistador Hernn Cortà ©s arrived in Basin of Mexico in 1517, he found that the Aztec Triple Alliance, a strong political, economic and military pact, controlled the basin and indeed much of central America. But where did they come from, and how did they get to be so powerful? The Origins of the Aztecs The Aztecs, or, more properly, the Mexica as they called themselves, were not originally from the Valley of Mexico but rather migrated from the north. They called their homeland Aztlan, The Place of Herons., but Aztlan is a location which has not as yet been identified archaeologically and was likely at least partly mythical. According to their own records, the Mexica and other tribes were known as a group as the Chichimeca, left their homes in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States because of a great drought. This story is told in several surviving codices (painted folding books), in which the Mexica are shown carrying with them the idol of their patron deity Huitzilopochtli. After two centuries of migration, at around AD 1250, the Mexica arrived in the Valley of Mexico. Today, the Basin of Mexico is filled with the sprawling metropolis of Mexico City; but underneath the modern streets are the ruins of Tenochtitln, the site where the Mexica settled, and the capital city for the Aztec empire. Basin of Mexico Before the Aztecs When the Aztecs arrived in the Valley of Mexico, it was far from an empty place. Because of its wealth of natural resources, the valley has been continuously occupied for thousands of years, the first known substantial occupation established at least as early as the second century BC. The Valley of Mexico lies ~2,100 meters (7,000 feet) above sea level, and it is surrounded by high mountains, some of which are active volcanoes. Water coursing down in streams from these mountains created a series of shallow, marshy lakes that provided a rich source for animals and fish, plants, salt and water for cultivation. Today the Valley of Mexico is almost entirely covered by the monstrous expansion of Mexico City: but there were ancient ruins as well as thriving communities when the Aztecs arrived, including the abandoned stone structures of two major cities: Teotihuacan and Tula, both referred to by the Aztecs as the Tollans. Teotihuacn: Almost a thousand years before the Aztecs, the huge and carefully planned city of Teotihuacn (occupied between 200 BC and AD 750) flourished there. Today Teotihuacan is a popular archaeological site a few miles north of modern Mexico City that attracts thousands of tourists each year. The word Teotihuacn is a Nahuatl (the language spoken by the Aztecs) word meaning The Birthplace of the Gods. We dont know its real name, but the Aztecs gave this name to the city because it was a sacred place associated with the legendary origins of the world. Tula: Another city that developed in the Valley of Mexico before the Aztecs was the city of Tula, the early post-classic capital of the Toltecs between AD 950 and 1150. The Toltecs were considered by the Aztecs to be the ideal rulers, brave warriors who excelled in the arts and sciences. Tula was so revered by the Aztecs that the king Motecuhzoma (aka Montezuma) sent people to dig up Toltec objects for use in the temples at Tenochtit ln. The Mexica were awestruck by the massive structures built by the Tollans, considering Teotihuacan to be the sacred setting for the creation of the current world or Fifth Sun. The Aztecs carried away and reused objects from the sites: more than 40 Teotihuacan-style objects have been found in offerings within Tenochtitlans ceremonial precinct. Aztec Arrival in Tenochtitln When the Mexica arrived in the Valley of Mexico about 1200 AD, both Teotihuacn and Tula had been abandoned for centuries; but other groups were already settled on the best land. These were groups of Chichimecs, related to the Mexica, who had migrated from the north in earlier times. The late-coming Mexica were forced to settle on the inhospitable hill of Chapultepec or Grasshopper Hill. There they became vassals of the city of Culhuacan, a prestigious city whose rulers were considered the heirs of the Toltecs. As acknowledgment for their assistance in battle, the Mexica were given one of the daughters of the King of Culhuacan to be worshiped as a goddess/priestess. When the king arrived to attend the ceremony, he found one of the Mexica priests dressed in the flayed skin of his daughter: the Mexica reported to the king that their God Huitzilopochtli had asked for the sacrifice of the princess. The sacrifice and flaying of the Culhua Princess provoked a ferocious battle, which the Mexica lost. They were forced to leave Chapultepec and move to some marshy islands in the middle of the lake. Tenochtitln: Living in a Marshland After they were forced out of Chapultepec, according to the Mexica myth, the Aztecs wandered for weeks, searching for a place to settle. Huitzilopochtli appeared to the Mexica leaders and indicated a place where a great eagle was perched on a cactus killing a snake. This place, smack dab in the middle of a marsh with no proper ground at all, was where the Mexica founded their capital, Tenochtitln. The year was 2 Calli (Two House) in the Aztec calendar, which translates in our modern calendars to AD 1325. The apparently unfortunate position of their city, in the middle of a marsh, actually facilitated economic connections and protected Tenochtitln from military attacks by restricting access to the site by canoe or boat traffic. Tenochtitln grew rapidly as both a commercial and military center. The Mexica were skillful and fierce soldiers and, despite the story of the Culhua princess, they were also able politicians who created solid alliances with the surrounding cities. Growing a Home in the Basin The city grew rapidly, with palaces and well-organized residential areas and aqueducts providing fresh water to the city from the mountains. At the center of the city stood the sacred precinct with ball courts, schools for nobles, and priests quarters. The ceremonial heart of the city and of the whole empire was the Great Temple of Mexico-Tenochtitln, known as the Templo Mayor or Huey Teocalli (the Great House of the Gods). This was a stepped pyramid with a double temple on top dedicated to Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc, the main deities of the Aztecs. The temple, decorated with bright colors, was rebuilt many times during Aztec history. The seventh and final version was seen and described by Hernn Cortà ©s and the conquistadors. When Cortà ©s and his soldiers entered the Aztec capital on November 8, 1519, they found one of the largest cities in the world. Sources Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst Berdan FF. 2014. Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press.Healan D. 2012. The Archaeology of Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Research 20(1):53-115.Smith ME. 2013. The Aztecs. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.Van Tuerenhout DR. 2005, The Aztecs: New Perspectives. Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO Inc.